Immunological tests in fertility treatments are used to evaluate whether the immune system is playing a role in infertility. These tests can identify various immune-related issues that might interfere with conception or lead to pregnancy loss.
Here are some key immunological tests commonly used in fertility treatments:
1. Antiphospholipid Antibody (APA) Testing:
This test checks for antibodies against phospholipids, which can increase the risk of blood clots and are associated with recurrent miscarriages.
2. Antinuclear Antibody (ANA) Testing:
This test detects antibodies that target the body's own cells, indicating autoimmune disorders that could affect fertility.
3. Natural Killer (NK) Cell Assay:
NK cells are a type of immune cell that can attack and destroy cells. This test measures the activity and number of NK cells, as high levels may be linked to infertility and recurrent pregnancy loss.
4. Thyroid Antibodies:
These tests check for antibodies against thyroid proteins, which can indicate thyroid dysfunction and affect fertility.
5. Cytokine Panel:
Cytokines are signaling molecules that help regulate the immune system. An imbalance in cytokine levels can affect implantation and pregnancy maintenance.
6. Lupus Anticoagulant Test:
This test detects antibodies that interfere with normal blood clotting, which can lead to pregnancy complications.
7. Sperm Antibody Testing:
This test checks for antibodies against sperm, which can affect sperm function and impede fertilization.
8. Endometrial Biopsy for Chronic Endometritis:
This test involves taking a small tissue sample from the uterine lining to check for chronic inflammation caused by infection, which can affect implantation.
9. Killer Immunoglobulin-like Receptor (KIR) Testing:
This test evaluates the presence of certain receptors on NK cells that can affect the immune response during implantation and pregnancy.
10. HLA Matching:
Human Leukocyte Antigen (HLA) matching tests look for compatibility issues between partners, which can affect embryo implantation and development.
These tests are typically ordered based on a patient’s medical history, including previous infertility issues or pregnancy losses. The results can help guide treatment strategies, such as immunotherapy, blood thinners, or other interventions to improve the chances of a successful pregnancy.